2nd Year/notes on the plantations

What happened to the Irish?

Many Irish people were driven from their lands. They retreated into the hills, bogs and forests where they struggled to survive. Some became outlaws, called Tories or Woodkerne. They attacked the planters who occupied their old land. 

Results of the Ulster Plantation

The best planned and most successful of all the plantations. Smaller estates proved easier to manage. By 1640, almost 80,000 planters had been attracted by Ulster’s numerous estates.

English farming methods were introduced. Forests were cleared for crop growing.  A new crop called flax was introduced and this provided raw material for a new linen making industry. They then shipped the linen and farm produce back to England. This made Ulster prosperous.

Plantation town were built as centres of trade and defence and of English law and culture. Examples: Donegal, Derry, Enniskillen and Coleraine. They all had the same lay out.

 

LONG TERM RESULTS

Politics – Divisions existed between the dispossessed Irish and the new planters in some parts. Descendants of the original Irish tend to be republicans and the descendants of the planters are mostly loyalists who now want to remain part of Britain. Six counties  now make up Northern Ireland which remains part of the UK.

Religion – the dispossessed Irish were Catholics and many of the planters were Presbyterians or Anglican. Catholic and Protestant communities remained separate and they grew suspicious of each other over the centuries. This sectarian divide was made stronger because most Catholics saw themselves as being Irish and most Protestants saw themselves as being English

Culture – Generally speaking Irish language, law and customs were replaced with those of Britain. Cultural differences remain today. Nationalists are more likely to play G.A.A, learn the Irish language and play Irish music.

Notes for Hitler's foreign policy

Austrian Set-back

In July 1934 SS men in Austria staged a coup in Vienna. They killed Chancellor Dollfuss

and proclaimed the union of Austria and Germany. However before Hitler could to

anything to secure the situation, Von Schuschnigg; the successor to Dollfuss crushed the

Nazis. Hitler did not intervene to rescue his followers because Mussolini moved the

Italian army to the Austrian frontier to guarantee Austria’s borders

Anglo-German Naval Pact(June 1935)

After withdrawal from the League, Hitler limiting his re-arming process was the only thing that Britain and France could hope for.

¨However from 1934 onwards Hitler introduced conscription(March 1935), increased German re-armament and announced the existence of an air force(Luftwaffe)

¨By 1935 Britain knew they had to deal with this re-armament. Anglo-German discussions began in 1934 and culminated in the Anglo-German Naval Pact of 1935(June)

This allowed Hitler to increase his navy up to 35% of the British navy, but have the same amount of submarines as the British. There were a few by-products of the pact. Firstly it meant that Britain was formally recognising Germany’s right to re-arm. It also alienated France and helped bring about the downfall of the Stresa Front

Saar Plebiscite

In the Treaty of Versailles the Saar region had been given to France for fifteen years to extract coal. Now that the fifteen years was over Hitler held a Plebiscite.  90% of the population voted to be part of Germany. This was a huge success for Hitler.

Relations with Mussolini

Hitler greatly admired Mussolini, he had for years admired his policies and propaganda.

Hitler knew that Anschluss with Austria could be achieved more easily with Italy, a

willing ally. Italy’s war with Abyssinia has been described as Hitler’s ‘stroke of luck.’ It

enabled him to achieve two goals:

¨Remilitarisation of the Rhineland

¨Rome-Berlin Axis(1936)

Rhineland

Hitler took advantage of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia. Hitler brought forward his plan to remilitarise the Rhineland from 1937 to 1936. On March 7 1936, Hitler’s troops entered the demilitarised zone of the Rhineland, breaking both the Treaty of Versailles and the Lorcano Pact.

For probably the last time Hitler could have been stopped by even a French show of support.

¨However the policy of Appeasement came into play once again. France although horrified but were not strong enough to act on their own. They did not get support from the British. They felt it was the Germans ‘going into their own backyard.’

¨Hitler had gambled and won. The remilitarisation of the Rhineland allowed him to build up the Siegfried Line(a line of fortifications along the Franco-German border)

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish civil war broke out in 1936. Hitler and Mussolini gave help to Franco by providing ships, planes, equipment and soldiers. The Spanish Civil War  and the Abyssinian invasion laid the foundation for the Rome-Berlin Axis 1936.

Hossbach Memorandum

In November 1937 Hitler met his senior military commanders. The Hossbach Memorandum, notes taken at the meeting by Colonel Hossbach, recorded Hitler’s plans for the future. Hitler felt that Germany was ahead in the re-armament race. The latest Germany could go to war was 1943-45 because after that other countries would have caught up with it.

Anschluss

In 1936 Schusnigg agreed that his country would act internationally as a German State. He had also promised to admit Nazis into his government. In return Hitler recognised Austrian independence and promised not to interfere with Austria’s internal affairs.

¨In 1938 Hitler decided that he was no longer happy with this situation. He began to bully Schusnigg into making the Nazi party legal and into giving the Nazi’s ministerial positions in the Austrian cabinet.

He then forced Schusnigg to resign his chancellorship. Seys-Inquart( a Nazi) was appointed chancellor. Immediately he invited German troops into Austria to help him suppress ‘Communist demonstrations.’ With Austrian troops swarming the country the Austrian parliament had no choice but to agree to a union with Germany. Hitler then held a referendum on the question and 99.5% of Austrian people voted in favour of the union.

The British expressed concern but there was nothing they could do about it once the annexation had taken place. France followed Britain’s lead and obviously Mussolini did not step in Hitler’s way this time.

Hitler now added 7 million people to the Reich and now Czechoslovakia was surrounded on three sides by German territory.

Motte and Bailey Castles - Interactive learning game

First Year

Visit the site below to reinforce what we have learned so far about life in the Middle Ages:
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Lessons/attackdefendcastle/mottebailey.htm

Homework for 2nd Year Hockey Girls

Pretend you are an English person who has been asked to go to Ireland as part of the Plantation. Write a letter to a friend explaining why you don't want to go.

2nd Year/notes on the plantations( Hockey girls)

In the 1500s, about 750,000 people lived in Ireland. The King of England was also the King of Ireland, but he had very little control over it. The country was divided into three sections. •

The Pale

This was a small area to the north and south of Dublin.

•This was the only part of Ireland where the king’s officials had real power. Here, the people followed English law and customs and spoke the English language.

•Gaelic clans often raided the Pale and took cattle

The Anglo-Irish Lordships

These were areas controlled by Anglo-Irish Lords. These lords were descendents of the Normans who had invaded Ireland in the 1100’s. By the 1500’s many of these families had become ‘more Irish than the Irish themselves.’

•Examples: The Fitzgeralds of Kildare

             The Butlers of Ormond

Gaelic Irish Lordships

These were areas under the control of Irish (Gaelic) Lords. They followed Brehon Law. They did not recognise the King of England as the King at all. Each mini-kingdom (tuath) had its own chief.

•Eg. O’Neills of Tyronne

           O’Donnells of Donegal

Reasons why the Tudors wanted to control Ireland:

They wanted to protect England. They did not want other countries like France and Spain to use Ireland as a backdoor for invasion.

•They wanted to introduce the Protestant religion into Ireland.

•They felt that English culture was superior to Gaelic culture and felt that it should be spread.


Surrender and Regrant


Gaelic and Anglo-Irish lords were encouraged to give up their lands to the king.
They then swore loyalty to the king and promised to use only English law, customs and language.
In return for this, Henry ‘regranted’ them their land back to the lords and he gave them new titles. 
•Because surrender and regrant led to bickering and fighting amongst many of the
Gaelic families (it went against Brehon Law)...the power and unity of Gaelic clans was
much weakened.
And so another plan to extend British control in Ireland was introduced...


Plantations and how they worked....


If a clan or chief had been rebellious their land would be confiscated or taken off them by the crown.
The land would be given to loyal settlers otherwise known as ‘planters’.
They would use the English language and follow English law and customs.
These people would probably have to defend their new land from the Irish men who had been kicked off!


Aims of the Plantations...
To impose English law on the planted areas
To protect the Pale
To control the Native Irish


What Happened?

•The English Army drove the O’Mores and O’Connors off their land.

•Laois became known as Queen’s County and Offaly became known as King’s County.

The  idea was to plant loyal subjects both from The Pale and England

But it didn't work because..

•The English Army did not stick around to help defend the settlers from the attacking O’Mores and O’Connors.

•Hardly any English planters came over at all.

•Queen Mary died.

Still lessons had been learned on how not to run a plantation.


The Munster Plantation
•Elizabeth I had a plantation in Munster after the Fitzgeralds rebelled down there in the 1560’s and 70’s. It failed for pretty much the same reasons:
•Not many English came and settled.
•Those that did, were attacked by the old owners.
•The Old-Irish and Anglo-Irish still ended up renting or working the land and so English customs were not spread.


Results of Munster Plantation

•There a few plantation towns set up like Mallow and Bandon in Cork, Tallow in Waterford and Killarney in Kerry. These became centres of English influence. Some trade and industry began to develop in these areas. 

Also new farming methods were introduced.