PLANTATIONS

In the 1500s, about 750,000 people lived in Ireland. The King of England was also the King of Ireland, but he had very little control over it. The country was divided into three sections.

The Pale
•This was a small area to the north and south of Dublin.

•This was the only part of Ireland where the king’s officials had real power. Here, the people followed English law and customs and spoke the English language.

Gaelic clans often raided the Pale and took cattle.

The Anglo Irish Lordships
•These were areas controlled by Anglo-Irish Lords. These lords were descendents of the Normans who had invaded Ireland in the 1100’s. By the 1500’s many of these families had become ‘more Irish than the Irish themselves.’

•Examples: The Fitzgeralds,The Butlers of Ormond.

The Gaelic Irish

These were areas under the control of Irish (Gaelic) Lords. They followed Brehon Law. They did not recognise the King of England as the King at all. Each mini-kingdom (tuath) had its own chief.

•Eg. O’Neills of Tyrone, O’Donnells of Donegal.

Henry VIII and the later Tudor Monarchs wanted to conquer Ireland for the following Reasons:

•They wanted to protect England. They did not want other countries like France and Spain to use Ireland as a backdoor for invasion.

•They wanted to introduce the Protestant religion into Ireland.

They felt that English culture was superior to Gaelic culture and felt that it should be spread.

Surrender and Regrant

•Gaelic and Anglo-Irish lords were encouraged to give up their lands to the king.

•They then swore loyalty to the king and promised to use only English law, customs and language.

•In return for this, Henry ‘regranted’ them their land back to the lords and he gave them new titles. 

2nd Year History: Reformation in England and Ireland

Henry VII
Henry was King of England and had been a Catholic since he was born.  He was so good a Catholic that the Pope gave him a special title ‘Defender of the Faith. This is still on English coins today.

However Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon(his dead brother’s wife!) They had many children but only had one that survived; Mary. Henry wanted a male heir to succeed him. He asked the pope to annul his marriage saying it was illegal to marry his dead brothers wife!

The Pope refused to annul the marriage. Henry didn’t care he had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn and had decided to marry her.

He appointed his friend Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury. He granted him a divorce. Henry married Anne and the Pope excommunicated him.

How Henry changed the church

Henry got the parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy which made him head of the Church in England.

Anyone who didn’t take this was beheaded.

Closure of the monasteries

One of the first things Henry did was close the monasteries. He did this because he wanted their wealth and didn’t like that they were loyal to the Pope.

He closed over 350 monasteries in England.

However Henry still liked a lot about the Catholic Church so the only other thing he changed was that the Bible would be in English(vernacular)

Henry had six wives and ended up fathering three children.

It was his children who brought in more changes to the Church.

Edward VI(his son) made sure Protestantism was developed fully in England.

He introduced the Book of Common Prayer which was Protestant Prayers in English.Mary Henry’s  daughter tried to bring back the Catholic religion.

Her sister Elizabeth was next and she established the Church of England(Anglican Church)

Anglicanism 

This was a mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism.

It was now the official religion of England.

Results of Reformation in England

The monarch(King or Queen) became head of the Church of England as well as the ruler of the country.

The Monasteries were closed down.

England changed from being a Catholic country to a Protestant country.

Results of Reformation in Ireland

Elizabeth established the Anglican Church in Ireland.

But most Irish people did not convert to Protestantism because they saw it as the English religion.

The Monasteries in Ireland were closed.

There was a new religion in Ireland.

4th Year History: background to 1913

Notes for St. Elizabeths

Munster Republic

Within two days the ‘Irregulars’  inside had surrendered. They soon moved out of Dublin and the fighting started to happen in the countryside.

The irregulars moved south to Limerick and Waterford. This area became known as the ‘Munster Republic’.

¡This area was easily captured by the Free State army which now had 60,000 soldiers. The ‘irregulars ‘had to retreat further into the countryside.

¡Then Griffith died of a brain haemorrhage in August.Collins was killed ten days later in an ambush at Beal na mBlath, Cork by an ‘irregular.’

W.T. Cosgrave became the new leader of the Free State. He was helped by Kevin O’Higgins.

Notes for the basketballers! St. Johns

The Free State Government

Once the Civil war was over the pro Treaty party Cumann na Ngaedheal(Society of the Gaels) took over the running of the country.

W.T. Cosgrave became the leader of this new Free State Government.
There was a constitution for the Free State(laws of the country) which laid out the laws of the country.

¡It said that there was 2 houses in the parliament: the Dáil and the Seanad.

¡All members had to take an oath of allegiance.

The new State had a lot of problems with law and order. They needed to make sure the laws were being obeyed. Kevin O’Higgins the Minister for Home Affairs set up a new unarmed police force the Garda Síochána(Guardians of the peace).

¡The court system was reorganised. Local courts were established.

¡Public Safety Acts were introduced to deal with the I.R.A. These gave the Guards more ways to deal with them. 

Holocaust survivor speaks to senior students at Gortnor Abbey

Tomi Reichental, Holocaust Survivor, visited Gortnor Abbey on Thursday 29th November to speak to around 200 people - TY and Leaving Certificate History students, 5th Year Students and a number of  staff.

Tomi gave an excellent and very powerful talk, detailing his experiences in Bergen Belsen concentration camp during world war two.For over an hour and a half 200 students listened in stunned silence as Tomi spoke about his experiences at the hands of the Slovakian government and the Nazis.  Following the talk, he signed copies of his book  called  'I was a boy in Belsen'. 

 Students/staff alike said that Tomi's talk was unforgettable and believe they were very fortunate  and privileged to have the opportunity to listen to one of the few remaining survivors from the concentration camps. Tomi's message was clear that we should all make sure 'The Holocaust' he experienced never happens again.

It truly was an unforgettable experience. 

Dan Breen

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQY64SL-jOM
Very interesting documentary on Dan Breen.