4th Year History: background to 1913

Notes for St. Elizabeths

Munster Republic

Within two days the ‘Irregulars’  inside had surrendered. They soon moved out of Dublin and the fighting started to happen in the countryside.

The irregulars moved south to Limerick and Waterford. This area became known as the ‘Munster Republic’.

¡This area was easily captured by the Free State army which now had 60,000 soldiers. The ‘irregulars ‘had to retreat further into the countryside.

¡Then Griffith died of a brain haemorrhage in August.Collins was killed ten days later in an ambush at Beal na mBlath, Cork by an ‘irregular.’

W.T. Cosgrave became the new leader of the Free State. He was helped by Kevin O’Higgins.

Notes for the basketballers! St. Johns

The Free State Government

Once the Civil war was over the pro Treaty party Cumann na Ngaedheal(Society of the Gaels) took over the running of the country.

W.T. Cosgrave became the leader of this new Free State Government.
There was a constitution for the Free State(laws of the country) which laid out the laws of the country.

¡It said that there was 2 houses in the parliament: the Dáil and the Seanad.

¡All members had to take an oath of allegiance.

The new State had a lot of problems with law and order. They needed to make sure the laws were being obeyed. Kevin O’Higgins the Minister for Home Affairs set up a new unarmed police force the Garda Síochána(Guardians of the peace).

¡The court system was reorganised. Local courts were established.

¡Public Safety Acts were introduced to deal with the I.R.A. These gave the Guards more ways to deal with them. 

Holocaust survivor speaks to senior students at Gortnor Abbey

Tomi Reichental, Holocaust Survivor, visited Gortnor Abbey on Thursday 29th November to speak to around 200 people - TY and Leaving Certificate History students, 5th Year Students and a number of  staff.

Tomi gave an excellent and very powerful talk, detailing his experiences in Bergen Belsen concentration camp during world war two.For over an hour and a half 200 students listened in stunned silence as Tomi spoke about his experiences at the hands of the Slovakian government and the Nazis.  Following the talk, he signed copies of his book  called  'I was a boy in Belsen'. 

 Students/staff alike said that Tomi's talk was unforgettable and believe they were very fortunate  and privileged to have the opportunity to listen to one of the few remaining survivors from the concentration camps. Tomi's message was clear that we should all make sure 'The Holocaust' he experienced never happens again.

It truly was an unforgettable experience. 

Dan Breen

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQY64SL-jOM
Very interesting documentary on Dan Breen.

King Leopold

https://www.google.ie/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=king+leopold%27s+ghost&oq=king+leop&gs_l=hp.1.1.0l4.1193.5823.0.8822.9.9.0.0.0.0.134.885.6j3.9.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.1.urCwjdxZxiY&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=f79de0be2a05f38c&bpcl=37643589&biw=1366&bih=667

Scannal Documentary

Possible Research Topics

Here are some ideas for Possible Research Topics. They might provide some inspiration! I will add to the list as I think of more.Local history, family history and fringe topics are all acceptable as the History syllabus encourages the student to use the full range of historical skills. Here are some examples:

-The Lebensborn Programme in Nazi Germany

-The GAA in Co Cavan — the glory years of the 1940s

-The Diaries of an Irishman in the RAF

-Led Zeppelin's contribution to rock music

-The Sheehy Skeffingtons and their involvement in 1916

 -Ernie O’ Malley, Dan Breen etc

- Battle of the bulge

-Battle for berlin

-Che Guevara

-Wall street crash

-Vietnam war(but be specific like the Chu Chi tunnels)

-History of the GAA

-Victor Jara

-Mayo and 1798

-Ireland’s Nazis

-Archbishop Machale

-W.B. Yeats, Maud Gonne and MacBride-the love triangle

- The I.R.A. grave in Leigue cemetery

- The Mother and Child Scheme

- The Hillsborough disaster

-Lord Haw Haw

-Violet Gibson

-Dr Kathleen Lynn

-Haile Selassie

Research Topic!!!!

Here are some links that will help you investigate your idea:
http://www.mayolibrary.ie/en/home/index.aspx
On this site you can search your idea using the catalogue and find any relevant books. It will also tell you what library the book you want is in. It's a good idea to ensure you have one source written by an historian  before you begin the topic
 http://leavingcerthistory.net/latest-news/
This gives you an example of a research topic and might provide some inspiration!
Also it is important to ask yourself:
·         Is the subject historically significant (no credit will be given for historical content more recent than 1993 in the case of Ireland or 1992 in the case of Europe)?

The best way to approach it is to firstly find an area of History you are interested in, then Google it and some ideas might appear. Then if something really grabs your attention you can search the online catalogue of Mayo County Library. 
Enjoy!

Further Notes

¨Even though the leaders were arrested the rising still went ahead. The British pitch capped and hung many Irish.(The cruelty of the British made many people rebel against them)

In Leinster(Dublin, Meath, Kildare) groups of United Irishmen attacked British soldiers but was easily put down.


¨In Wexford the most serious rising took place. The rebellion began in a town called Boolavogue.The actions of the yeomanry and the militia provoked a rising by Father John Murphy and Bagenal Harvey, a Protestant Landowner. They brought Irish troops and bet the English at Oulart Hill.

¨They then took Enniscorthy the next day, establishing one of their main camps at Vinegar Hill. Then the rebels defeated a British force at Wexford and they entered the town in triumph - now almost all of the county was theirs.

¨However their next battle was New Ross which the rebels lost. This was a major defeat for the rebels.

The British surrounded the rebels at their camp at Vinegar Hill. The rebels had more men but only had pikes. They lost Vinegar Hill.


Connacht Rebellion

¨The next rising occurred in Connacht. General Humbert arrived in Killala with 1000 troops. He was joined by local groups especially after defeating the British at the Races of Castlebar. Humbert then went across the Shannon into Co. Longford. But he was defeated badly at Ballinamuck and Granard.

During this time Tone was still in France, he got the French to send more troops. They arrived at Lough swilly but were captured. Tone was sentenced to be executed, however killed himself before the execution.

Notes from today for the footballers!

1798¨
Tone and the Catholics
Tone wanted to improve the laws for Catholics. He went to England with a petition asking the government to get rid of the rest of the Penal laws but Catholics still could not become members of parliament. Tone was very disappointed.
In 1793 the British and French went to war. The British began to fear that the United Irishmen were planning a rebellion. The government banned the United Irishmen. Tone escaped prison by going to America. The United Irishmen now became a secret society and were no longer interested in peace. They wanted a rebellion to achieve a republic.

Attempt at Rebellion

¨In 1796 Tone went from America to France and tried to convince France to support their cause. France eventually did and sent one of their best generals Lazare Hoche to Ireland with 43 ships. Tone was on one of the ships. However bad weather and fog separated the ships. Some ships arrived at Bantry Bay but Hoche’s ship was blown off course. The remaining commanders decided to return to France. The chances of surprising the British had been ruined.¨

How the British Reacted:

A death penalty was brought in for those caught taking secret oaths.

¨The United Irishmen’s paper was closed down.

¨The British General Lake and his troops tortured and killed many people in Ulster and Leinster.

¨Many leaders of the Irishmen were arrested including Lord Edward Fitzgerald.

¨They sent spies into the United Irishmen.

The Rising Begins

¨Even though the leaders were arrested the rising still went ahead. The British pitch capped and hung many Irish.(The cruelty of the British made many people rebel against them)

¨In Leinster(Dublin, Meath, Kildare) groups of United Irishmen attacked British soldiers but was easily put down.

In Wexford the most serious rising took place. The rebellion began in a town called Boolavogue.The actions of the yeomanry and the militia provoked a rising by Father John Murphy and Bagenal Harvey, a Protestant Landowner. They brought Irish troops and bet the English at Oulart Hill

They then took Enniscorthy the next day, establishing one of their main camps at Vinegar Hill. Then the rebels defeated a British force at Wexford and they entered the town in triumph - now almost all of the county was theirs.

¨However their next battle was New Ross which the rebels lost. This was a major defeat for the rebels.

The British surrounded the rebels at their camp at Vinegar Hill. The rebels had more men but only had pikes. They lost Vinegar Hill.

Notes on the American War of Independdence

Indian documentary parts 8 & 9

2nd Years/ Watch this clip and put the facts in your own words!

Part 6 & 7 of Indian Independence documentary

2nd Year/Revision Questions

1)What was the Pale?

2)Who were the Anglo-Irish?

3)What did ‘Surrender and Regrant’ mean?

4)Give one result of the Munster plantation.

5)What happened in the ‘Flight of the Earls’?

6)Who were the Tories?

7)Explain the term guild…

8)What monarch was in charge of the Ulster Plantation?

9)What Monarch was in charge of the Laois-Offaly Plantation?

10) What was the main result of the Cromwellian Planatation?

Part 5

Parts 3 & 4 of Documentary

Documentary on the Partition of India

2nd Year/notes on the plantations

What happened to the Irish?

Many Irish people were driven from their lands. They retreated into the hills, bogs and forests where they struggled to survive. Some became outlaws, called Tories or Woodkerne. They attacked the planters who occupied their old land. 

Results of the Ulster Plantation

The best planned and most successful of all the plantations. Smaller estates proved easier to manage. By 1640, almost 80,000 planters had been attracted by Ulster’s numerous estates.

English farming methods were introduced. Forests were cleared for crop growing.  A new crop called flax was introduced and this provided raw material for a new linen making industry. They then shipped the linen and farm produce back to England. This made Ulster prosperous.

Plantation town were built as centres of trade and defence and of English law and culture. Examples: Donegal, Derry, Enniskillen and Coleraine. They all had the same lay out.

 

LONG TERM RESULTS

Politics – Divisions existed between the dispossessed Irish and the new planters in some parts. Descendants of the original Irish tend to be republicans and the descendants of the planters are mostly loyalists who now want to remain part of Britain. Six counties  now make up Northern Ireland which remains part of the UK.

Religion – the dispossessed Irish were Catholics and many of the planters were Presbyterians or Anglican. Catholic and Protestant communities remained separate and they grew suspicious of each other over the centuries. This sectarian divide was made stronger because most Catholics saw themselves as being Irish and most Protestants saw themselves as being English

Culture – Generally speaking Irish language, law and customs were replaced with those of Britain. Cultural differences remain today. Nationalists are more likely to play G.A.A, learn the Irish language and play Irish music.

Notes for Hitler's foreign policy

Austrian Set-back

In July 1934 SS men in Austria staged a coup in Vienna. They killed Chancellor Dollfuss

and proclaimed the union of Austria and Germany. However before Hitler could to

anything to secure the situation, Von Schuschnigg; the successor to Dollfuss crushed the

Nazis. Hitler did not intervene to rescue his followers because Mussolini moved the

Italian army to the Austrian frontier to guarantee Austria’s borders

Anglo-German Naval Pact(June 1935)

After withdrawal from the League, Hitler limiting his re-arming process was the only thing that Britain and France could hope for.

¨However from 1934 onwards Hitler introduced conscription(March 1935), increased German re-armament and announced the existence of an air force(Luftwaffe)

¨By 1935 Britain knew they had to deal with this re-armament. Anglo-German discussions began in 1934 and culminated in the Anglo-German Naval Pact of 1935(June)

This allowed Hitler to increase his navy up to 35% of the British navy, but have the same amount of submarines as the British. There were a few by-products of the pact. Firstly it meant that Britain was formally recognising Germany’s right to re-arm. It also alienated France and helped bring about the downfall of the Stresa Front

Saar Plebiscite

In the Treaty of Versailles the Saar region had been given to France for fifteen years to extract coal. Now that the fifteen years was over Hitler held a Plebiscite.  90% of the population voted to be part of Germany. This was a huge success for Hitler.

Relations with Mussolini

Hitler greatly admired Mussolini, he had for years admired his policies and propaganda.

Hitler knew that Anschluss with Austria could be achieved more easily with Italy, a

willing ally. Italy’s war with Abyssinia has been described as Hitler’s ‘stroke of luck.’ It

enabled him to achieve two goals:

¨Remilitarisation of the Rhineland

¨Rome-Berlin Axis(1936)

Rhineland

Hitler took advantage of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia. Hitler brought forward his plan to remilitarise the Rhineland from 1937 to 1936. On March 7 1936, Hitler’s troops entered the demilitarised zone of the Rhineland, breaking both the Treaty of Versailles and the Lorcano Pact.

For probably the last time Hitler could have been stopped by even a French show of support.

¨However the policy of Appeasement came into play once again. France although horrified but were not strong enough to act on their own. They did not get support from the British. They felt it was the Germans ‘going into their own backyard.’

¨Hitler had gambled and won. The remilitarisation of the Rhineland allowed him to build up the Siegfried Line(a line of fortifications along the Franco-German border)

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish civil war broke out in 1936. Hitler and Mussolini gave help to Franco by providing ships, planes, equipment and soldiers. The Spanish Civil War  and the Abyssinian invasion laid the foundation for the Rome-Berlin Axis 1936.

Hossbach Memorandum

In November 1937 Hitler met his senior military commanders. The Hossbach Memorandum, notes taken at the meeting by Colonel Hossbach, recorded Hitler’s plans for the future. Hitler felt that Germany was ahead in the re-armament race. The latest Germany could go to war was 1943-45 because after that other countries would have caught up with it.

Anschluss

In 1936 Schusnigg agreed that his country would act internationally as a German State. He had also promised to admit Nazis into his government. In return Hitler recognised Austrian independence and promised not to interfere with Austria’s internal affairs.

¨In 1938 Hitler decided that he was no longer happy with this situation. He began to bully Schusnigg into making the Nazi party legal and into giving the Nazi’s ministerial positions in the Austrian cabinet.

He then forced Schusnigg to resign his chancellorship. Seys-Inquart( a Nazi) was appointed chancellor. Immediately he invited German troops into Austria to help him suppress ‘Communist demonstrations.’ With Austrian troops swarming the country the Austrian parliament had no choice but to agree to a union with Germany. Hitler then held a referendum on the question and 99.5% of Austrian people voted in favour of the union.

The British expressed concern but there was nothing they could do about it once the annexation had taken place. France followed Britain’s lead and obviously Mussolini did not step in Hitler’s way this time.

Hitler now added 7 million people to the Reich and now Czechoslovakia was surrounded on three sides by German territory.

Motte and Bailey Castles - Interactive learning game

First Year

Visit the site below to reinforce what we have learned so far about life in the Middle Ages:
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Lessons/attackdefendcastle/mottebailey.htm

Homework for 2nd Year Hockey Girls

Pretend you are an English person who has been asked to go to Ireland as part of the Plantation. Write a letter to a friend explaining why you don't want to go.

2nd Year/notes on the plantations( Hockey girls)

In the 1500s, about 750,000 people lived in Ireland. The King of England was also the King of Ireland, but he had very little control over it. The country was divided into three sections. •

The Pale

This was a small area to the north and south of Dublin.

•This was the only part of Ireland where the king’s officials had real power. Here, the people followed English law and customs and spoke the English language.

•Gaelic clans often raided the Pale and took cattle

The Anglo-Irish Lordships

These were areas controlled by Anglo-Irish Lords. These lords were descendents of the Normans who had invaded Ireland in the 1100’s. By the 1500’s many of these families had become ‘more Irish than the Irish themselves.’

•Examples: The Fitzgeralds of Kildare

             The Butlers of Ormond

Gaelic Irish Lordships

These were areas under the control of Irish (Gaelic) Lords. They followed Brehon Law. They did not recognise the King of England as the King at all. Each mini-kingdom (tuath) had its own chief.

•Eg. O’Neills of Tyronne

           O’Donnells of Donegal

Reasons why the Tudors wanted to control Ireland:

They wanted to protect England. They did not want other countries like France and Spain to use Ireland as a backdoor for invasion.

•They wanted to introduce the Protestant religion into Ireland.

•They felt that English culture was superior to Gaelic culture and felt that it should be spread.


Surrender and Regrant


Gaelic and Anglo-Irish lords were encouraged to give up their lands to the king.
They then swore loyalty to the king and promised to use only English law, customs and language.
In return for this, Henry ‘regranted’ them their land back to the lords and he gave them new titles. 
•Because surrender and regrant led to bickering and fighting amongst many of the
Gaelic families (it went against Brehon Law)...the power and unity of Gaelic clans was
much weakened.
And so another plan to extend British control in Ireland was introduced...


Plantations and how they worked....


If a clan or chief had been rebellious their land would be confiscated or taken off them by the crown.
The land would be given to loyal settlers otherwise known as ‘planters’.
They would use the English language and follow English law and customs.
These people would probably have to defend their new land from the Irish men who had been kicked off!


Aims of the Plantations...
To impose English law on the planted areas
To protect the Pale
To control the Native Irish


What Happened?

•The English Army drove the O’Mores and O’Connors off their land.

•Laois became known as Queen’s County and Offaly became known as King’s County.

The  idea was to plant loyal subjects both from The Pale and England

But it didn't work because..

•The English Army did not stick around to help defend the settlers from the attacking O’Mores and O’Connors.

•Hardly any English planters came over at all.

•Queen Mary died.

Still lessons had been learned on how not to run a plantation.


The Munster Plantation
•Elizabeth I had a plantation in Munster after the Fitzgeralds rebelled down there in the 1560’s and 70’s. It failed for pretty much the same reasons:
•Not many English came and settled.
•Those that did, were attacked by the old owners.
•The Old-Irish and Anglo-Irish still ended up renting or working the land and so English customs were not spread.


Results of Munster Plantation

•There a few plantation towns set up like Mallow and Bandon in Cork, Tallow in Waterford and Killarney in Kerry. These became centres of English influence. Some trade and industry began to develop in these areas. 

Also new farming methods were introduced.