PLANTATIONS

In the 1500s, about 750,000 people lived in Ireland. The King of England was also the King of Ireland, but he had very little control over it. The country was divided into three sections.

The Pale
•This was a small area to the north and south of Dublin.

•This was the only part of Ireland where the king’s officials had real power. Here, the people followed English law and customs and spoke the English language.

Gaelic clans often raided the Pale and took cattle.

The Anglo Irish Lordships
•These were areas controlled by Anglo-Irish Lords. These lords were descendents of the Normans who had invaded Ireland in the 1100’s. By the 1500’s many of these families had become ‘more Irish than the Irish themselves.’

•Examples: The Fitzgeralds,The Butlers of Ormond.

The Gaelic Irish

These were areas under the control of Irish (Gaelic) Lords. They followed Brehon Law. They did not recognise the King of England as the King at all. Each mini-kingdom (tuath) had its own chief.

•Eg. O’Neills of Tyrone, O’Donnells of Donegal.

Henry VIII and the later Tudor Monarchs wanted to conquer Ireland for the following Reasons:

•They wanted to protect England. They did not want other countries like France and Spain to use Ireland as a backdoor for invasion.

•They wanted to introduce the Protestant religion into Ireland.

They felt that English culture was superior to Gaelic culture and felt that it should be spread.

Surrender and Regrant

•Gaelic and Anglo-Irish lords were encouraged to give up their lands to the king.

•They then swore loyalty to the king and promised to use only English law, customs and language.

•In return for this, Henry ‘regranted’ them their land back to the lords and he gave them new titles. 

2nd Year History: Reformation in England and Ireland

Henry VII
Henry was King of England and had been a Catholic since he was born.  He was so good a Catholic that the Pope gave him a special title ‘Defender of the Faith. This is still on English coins today.

However Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon(his dead brother’s wife!) They had many children but only had one that survived; Mary. Henry wanted a male heir to succeed him. He asked the pope to annul his marriage saying it was illegal to marry his dead brothers wife!

The Pope refused to annul the marriage. Henry didn’t care he had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn and had decided to marry her.

He appointed his friend Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury. He granted him a divorce. Henry married Anne and the Pope excommunicated him.

How Henry changed the church

Henry got the parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy which made him head of the Church in England.

Anyone who didn’t take this was beheaded.

Closure of the monasteries

One of the first things Henry did was close the monasteries. He did this because he wanted their wealth and didn’t like that they were loyal to the Pope.

He closed over 350 monasteries in England.

However Henry still liked a lot about the Catholic Church so the only other thing he changed was that the Bible would be in English(vernacular)

Henry had six wives and ended up fathering three children.

It was his children who brought in more changes to the Church.

Edward VI(his son) made sure Protestantism was developed fully in England.

He introduced the Book of Common Prayer which was Protestant Prayers in English.Mary Henry’s  daughter tried to bring back the Catholic religion.

Her sister Elizabeth was next and she established the Church of England(Anglican Church)

Anglicanism 

This was a mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism.

It was now the official religion of England.

Results of Reformation in England

The monarch(King or Queen) became head of the Church of England as well as the ruler of the country.

The Monasteries were closed down.

England changed from being a Catholic country to a Protestant country.

Results of Reformation in Ireland

Elizabeth established the Anglican Church in Ireland.

But most Irish people did not convert to Protestantism because they saw it as the English religion.

The Monasteries in Ireland were closed.

There was a new religion in Ireland.

4th Year History: background to 1913

Notes for St. Elizabeths

Munster Republic

Within two days the ‘Irregulars’  inside had surrendered. They soon moved out of Dublin and the fighting started to happen in the countryside.

The irregulars moved south to Limerick and Waterford. This area became known as the ‘Munster Republic’.

¡This area was easily captured by the Free State army which now had 60,000 soldiers. The ‘irregulars ‘had to retreat further into the countryside.

¡Then Griffith died of a brain haemorrhage in August.Collins was killed ten days later in an ambush at Beal na mBlath, Cork by an ‘irregular.’

W.T. Cosgrave became the new leader of the Free State. He was helped by Kevin O’Higgins.

Notes for the basketballers! St. Johns

The Free State Government

Once the Civil war was over the pro Treaty party Cumann na Ngaedheal(Society of the Gaels) took over the running of the country.

W.T. Cosgrave became the leader of this new Free State Government.
There was a constitution for the Free State(laws of the country) which laid out the laws of the country.

¡It said that there was 2 houses in the parliament: the Dáil and the Seanad.

¡All members had to take an oath of allegiance.

The new State had a lot of problems with law and order. They needed to make sure the laws were being obeyed. Kevin O’Higgins the Minister for Home Affairs set up a new unarmed police force the Garda Síochána(Guardians of the peace).

¡The court system was reorganised. Local courts were established.

¡Public Safety Acts were introduced to deal with the I.R.A. These gave the Guards more ways to deal with them. 

Holocaust survivor speaks to senior students at Gortnor Abbey

Tomi Reichental, Holocaust Survivor, visited Gortnor Abbey on Thursday 29th November to speak to around 200 people - TY and Leaving Certificate History students, 5th Year Students and a number of  staff.

Tomi gave an excellent and very powerful talk, detailing his experiences in Bergen Belsen concentration camp during world war two.For over an hour and a half 200 students listened in stunned silence as Tomi spoke about his experiences at the hands of the Slovakian government and the Nazis.  Following the talk, he signed copies of his book  called  'I was a boy in Belsen'. 

 Students/staff alike said that Tomi's talk was unforgettable and believe they were very fortunate  and privileged to have the opportunity to listen to one of the few remaining survivors from the concentration camps. Tomi's message was clear that we should all make sure 'The Holocaust' he experienced never happens again.

It truly was an unforgettable experience. 

Dan Breen

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQY64SL-jOM
Very interesting documentary on Dan Breen.

King Leopold

https://www.google.ie/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=king+leopold%27s+ghost&oq=king+leop&gs_l=hp.1.1.0l4.1193.5823.0.8822.9.9.0.0.0.0.134.885.6j3.9.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.1.urCwjdxZxiY&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=f79de0be2a05f38c&bpcl=37643589&biw=1366&bih=667

Scannal Documentary

Possible Research Topics

Here are some ideas for Possible Research Topics. They might provide some inspiration! I will add to the list as I think of more.Local history, family history and fringe topics are all acceptable as the History syllabus encourages the student to use the full range of historical skills. Here are some examples:

-The Lebensborn Programme in Nazi Germany

-The GAA in Co Cavan — the glory years of the 1940s

-The Diaries of an Irishman in the RAF

-Led Zeppelin's contribution to rock music

-The Sheehy Skeffingtons and their involvement in 1916

 -Ernie O’ Malley, Dan Breen etc

- Battle of the bulge

-Battle for berlin

-Che Guevara

-Wall street crash

-Vietnam war(but be specific like the Chu Chi tunnels)

-History of the GAA

-Victor Jara

-Mayo and 1798

-Ireland’s Nazis

-Archbishop Machale

-W.B. Yeats, Maud Gonne and MacBride-the love triangle

- The I.R.A. grave in Leigue cemetery

- The Mother and Child Scheme

- The Hillsborough disaster

-Lord Haw Haw

-Violet Gibson

-Dr Kathleen Lynn

-Haile Selassie

Research Topic!!!!

Here are some links that will help you investigate your idea:
http://www.mayolibrary.ie/en/home/index.aspx
On this site you can search your idea using the catalogue and find any relevant books. It will also tell you what library the book you want is in. It's a good idea to ensure you have one source written by an historian  before you begin the topic
 http://leavingcerthistory.net/latest-news/
This gives you an example of a research topic and might provide some inspiration!
Also it is important to ask yourself:
·         Is the subject historically significant (no credit will be given for historical content more recent than 1993 in the case of Ireland or 1992 in the case of Europe)?

The best way to approach it is to firstly find an area of History you are interested in, then Google it and some ideas might appear. Then if something really grabs your attention you can search the online catalogue of Mayo County Library. 
Enjoy!

Further Notes

¨Even though the leaders were arrested the rising still went ahead. The British pitch capped and hung many Irish.(The cruelty of the British made many people rebel against them)

In Leinster(Dublin, Meath, Kildare) groups of United Irishmen attacked British soldiers but was easily put down.


¨In Wexford the most serious rising took place. The rebellion began in a town called Boolavogue.The actions of the yeomanry and the militia provoked a rising by Father John Murphy and Bagenal Harvey, a Protestant Landowner. They brought Irish troops and bet the English at Oulart Hill.

¨They then took Enniscorthy the next day, establishing one of their main camps at Vinegar Hill. Then the rebels defeated a British force at Wexford and they entered the town in triumph - now almost all of the county was theirs.

¨However their next battle was New Ross which the rebels lost. This was a major defeat for the rebels.

The British surrounded the rebels at their camp at Vinegar Hill. The rebels had more men but only had pikes. They lost Vinegar Hill.


Connacht Rebellion

¨The next rising occurred in Connacht. General Humbert arrived in Killala with 1000 troops. He was joined by local groups especially after defeating the British at the Races of Castlebar. Humbert then went across the Shannon into Co. Longford. But he was defeated badly at Ballinamuck and Granard.

During this time Tone was still in France, he got the French to send more troops. They arrived at Lough swilly but were captured. Tone was sentenced to be executed, however killed himself before the execution.

Notes from today for the footballers!

1798¨
Tone and the Catholics
Tone wanted to improve the laws for Catholics. He went to England with a petition asking the government to get rid of the rest of the Penal laws but Catholics still could not become members of parliament. Tone was very disappointed.
In 1793 the British and French went to war. The British began to fear that the United Irishmen were planning a rebellion. The government banned the United Irishmen. Tone escaped prison by going to America. The United Irishmen now became a secret society and were no longer interested in peace. They wanted a rebellion to achieve a republic.

Attempt at Rebellion

¨In 1796 Tone went from America to France and tried to convince France to support their cause. France eventually did and sent one of their best generals Lazare Hoche to Ireland with 43 ships. Tone was on one of the ships. However bad weather and fog separated the ships. Some ships arrived at Bantry Bay but Hoche’s ship was blown off course. The remaining commanders decided to return to France. The chances of surprising the British had been ruined.¨

How the British Reacted:

A death penalty was brought in for those caught taking secret oaths.

¨The United Irishmen’s paper was closed down.

¨The British General Lake and his troops tortured and killed many people in Ulster and Leinster.

¨Many leaders of the Irishmen were arrested including Lord Edward Fitzgerald.

¨They sent spies into the United Irishmen.

The Rising Begins

¨Even though the leaders were arrested the rising still went ahead. The British pitch capped and hung many Irish.(The cruelty of the British made many people rebel against them)

¨In Leinster(Dublin, Meath, Kildare) groups of United Irishmen attacked British soldiers but was easily put down.

In Wexford the most serious rising took place. The rebellion began in a town called Boolavogue.The actions of the yeomanry and the militia provoked a rising by Father John Murphy and Bagenal Harvey, a Protestant Landowner. They brought Irish troops and bet the English at Oulart Hill

They then took Enniscorthy the next day, establishing one of their main camps at Vinegar Hill. Then the rebels defeated a British force at Wexford and they entered the town in triumph - now almost all of the county was theirs.

¨However their next battle was New Ross which the rebels lost. This was a major defeat for the rebels.

The British surrounded the rebels at their camp at Vinegar Hill. The rebels had more men but only had pikes. They lost Vinegar Hill.

Notes on the American War of Independdence

Indian documentary parts 8 & 9

2nd Years/ Watch this clip and put the facts in your own words!

Part 6 & 7 of Indian Independence documentary

2nd Year/Revision Questions

1)What was the Pale?

2)Who were the Anglo-Irish?

3)What did ‘Surrender and Regrant’ mean?

4)Give one result of the Munster plantation.

5)What happened in the ‘Flight of the Earls’?

6)Who were the Tories?

7)Explain the term guild…

8)What monarch was in charge of the Ulster Plantation?

9)What Monarch was in charge of the Laois-Offaly Plantation?

10) What was the main result of the Cromwellian Planatation?

Part 5

Parts 3 & 4 of Documentary